Pipe type/size to Water Softener?

Is it PVC or CPVC? PVC is against code for any water supply inside the building. CPVC is fine. PVC is only really a problem for hot water; its fine for cold water but all major plumbing codes disallow it for any water supply within the house (hot or cold). Something you should be aware of...

That being said, pex is easy to work with but you typically want to upsize it one size over copper if replacing copper. So if you have 3/4 copper before and after, I would use at least 1" pex to replace the PVC . I prefer uponor pex-a but 1.25" is more commercial level sizing and you would probably need a specific Milwaukee tool to expand it (I don't think there are manual 1.25" tools). 1" and below you have other options (manual, Dewalt, or Milwaukee). If you have 3/4" copper before and after, then the 1" PVC isn't doing anything special flow wise because there isn't enough length of it to matter. Biggest issues with flow come from too small a pipe over long distances and too many fittings/turns. Reduce fittings/turns (what pex is good at) and keep diameter big (so upsize pex a at least one size over equivalent copper sizing) and you should be fine.

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PVC-U, PVC-O, and C-PVC pipe systems are completely safe for drinking water applications and have been used in such applications throughout Europe (and elsewhere) for many decades.

In Europe, the safety of PVC-U, PVC-O, and C-PVC pipe systems for the transportation of drinking water is currently regulated and assessed nationally, although significant effort is ongoing at the European level for the harmonisation of regulations and test methods. Regulations are presently determined by national bodies, and third-party certification is carried out by accredited laboratories and institutes who subsequently also carry out regular audits to ensure continued compliance.

As part of the harmonisation activities, European (EN) standards are under development for a number of test methods designed to assess the suitability of plastics pipe systems for drinking water. These standards include tests for organoleptic assessment (odour and flavour), the migration & leaching of substances into the water, and microbial growth.

Migration: Different methods are used to detect the migration of substances present in PVC-U, PVC-O, and C-PVC formulations. Leaching behaviour is assessed by prolonged direct contact of the potable water with the products in very severe conditions. Then the "migration water" is checked using different techniques, including searches for traces of molecules below the level of a few µg/l. Virtually nothing leaches out: the leachates are very similar to the blanks used when analysing them with techniques such as gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).

Lead is not used anymore in stabilisers, and such stabilisers have never been a source of lead in drinking water, as the stabilisers are immobilised within the PVC pipe structure during the manufacturing process. New stabiliser systems being used as alternatives to lead are fully assessed ("positive listing") and do not affect the drinking water characteristics in any way.

Traces of vinyl chloride monomer, sometimes exceeding the regulatory limit of 0.5 µg of VCM/l of water, have been detected in some cases. It is important to keep in mind that this 0.5 µg/l limit is based on a guideline from the World Health Organisation (WHO), where the value has been set to guarantee an acceptable health risk, even in case of exposure during an entire lifetime.

These cases are related to exceptional circumstances (small diameter pipes in thinly populated regions, hence with intermittent flow). Most importantly, these cases appeared only in pipes installed before the s when the health risks of VCM were identified. PVC resin produced before then, although meeting all standards applicable at that time, contained higher levels of residual monomer than presently. Under usual conditions of use, water transported in PVC pipes produced in those days also complies today with the current drinking water regulation. However, model calculations show that in exceptional circumstances (small diameter pipes, infrequent use) the VCM level reached after a period without flow can exceed the limit. No measurement result above the limit has ever been found in water flowing in pipes made from PVC produced after .

It is important to stress that no vinyl chloride monomer is produced by the degradation or incineration of PVC products.

In any case, VCM concentration can easily be reduced to below the WHO guidance limit by flushing the pipe or by boiling the water. The high volatility of VCM leads to a rapid transfer from water into the atmosphere, where VCM degrades by reaction with photochemically produced substances naturally present in the atmosphere. This limits its half-life in the atmosphere to between a few hours and a few days. VCM is therefore not persistent in the environment.

Microbial growth: PVC-U, PVC-O, and C-PVC pipes are known to perform very well according to the different methods used in Europe for the assessment of microbial growth of products in contact with drinking water (Germany, United Kingdom, and The Netherlands). Many field studies confirm this good behaviour, which is linked to the absence of migration and the very good surface properties of these piping systems.

Odour & Flavour: Owing to the absence of migration and low bacterial growth in PVC-U, PVC-O, and C-PVC, the organoleptic properties of pipes made from these materials are generally very good, as confirmed by regular testing by different European institutes.

As part of the EU harmonisation process, EN standards include EN and EN for the assessment of organoleptic properties and water quality; CEN-TR for the prediction of migration using mathematical modelling; EN for assessing microbial growth; and EN for the GC-MS identification of water-leachable organic substances. Additionally, EN -1 is used for the organoleptic assessment of water in storage systems.

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Apart from these standardisation initiatives, a European positive list for substances used in plastics materials in contact with drinking water is also under development. This harmonised EU positive list will eventually replace several existing national drinking water positive lists. Further guidance can be found in ISO TR .

References

European Commission. (). Commission Implementing Decision (EU) /367 of 23 January laying down rules for the application of Directive (EU) / of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing the European positive lists of starting substances, compositions and constituents authorised for use in the manufacture of materials or products that come into contact with water intended for human consumption. EUR-Lex. Link

Zhang, L., & Liu, S. (). Investigation of organic compounds migration from polymeric pipes into drinking water under long retention times. Procedia Engineering, 70, '. Link

Van der Kooij, D., & Veenendaal, H. R. (). Assessment of the microbial growth potential of materials in contact with treated water intended for human consumption. Kiwa Water Research. Link

Mercea, P. V., Losher, C., Benz, H., Petrasch, M., Costa, C., Stone, V. W., & Toșa, V. (). Migration of substances from unplasticized polyvinylchloride into drinking water: Estimation of conservative diffusion coefficients. Polymer Testing, 107, . Link

International Organization for Standardization. (). ISO/TR : Plastics pipes and fittings ' Combined chemical-resistance classification table. ISO.

European Committee for Standardization. (). CEN/TR : Prediction of migration from plastics using mathematical modelling. CEN.

European Committee for Standardization. (). EN : Influence of materials on water for human consumption ' Enhancement of microbial growth (EMG) test. CEN.

European Committee for Standardization. (). EN : Water quality ' Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of water leachable organic substances (GC-MS). CEN.

European Committee for Standardization. (). EN -1: Influence of materials on water intended for human consumption ' Organoleptic assessment of water in storage systems ' Part 1: Test method. CEN.

European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (). Directive (EU) / of 16 December on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast). EUR-Lex. Link

Danish Environmental Protection Agency. (). Field study of plastic pipes in water supplies (Environmental Project No. ). Link

European Commission. (). Commission Delegated Decision (EU) / of 11 March supplementing Directive (EU) / by laying down a methodology to measure microplastics in water intended for human consumption. EUR-Lex. Link

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